卢森堡大学卢森堡中心系统生物医学研究院(LCSB)的科学家们已经将皮肤细胞神经元重编程植入到小鼠大脑并首次维持长期稳定。植入后6个月，神经元功能上完全整合到大脑。这一成功，持久稳定，神经元的植入为将来治疗帕金森病人智力时，用健康的神经元替换患病的神经元增加希望。

图片显示大脑切片部分，其中被移植的诱导神经干细胞完全整合到大脑的神经元网络(蓝色)发育成一个复杂的功能性神经元。

LCSB的最新测试中，马克斯普朗克研究所和大学医院明斯特和比勒费尔德大学的研究小组和同事成功将由皮肤细胞进行重编程诱导的神经元在小鼠大脑中创建了稳定的神经组织。产生神经元的干细胞研究者的技术，或者更具体的说诱导神经元干细胞(iNSC)，在培养皿中培养的宿主皮肤细胞在很大程度上改善了植入细胞的相容性。

治疗的小鼠没有显示出不利的副作用，甚至在植入六个月后成为大脑的海马和皮质区域。植入神经元完全整合到大脑的复杂网络。该神经元表现出正常活性并且通过新形成的突触——神经细胞之间的接触点连接到原始脑细胞。

原文摘要：

Induced Neural Stem Cells Achieve Long-Term Survival and Functional Integration in the Adult Mouse Brain

Kathrin Hemmer, Mingyue Zhang, Thea van Wüllen, Marna Sakalem, Natalia Tapia, Aidos Baumuratov, Christian Kaltschmidt,Barbara Kaltschmidt, Hans R. Schöler, WeIQi Zhang, Jens C. Schwamborn

Differentiated cells can be converted directly into multipotent neural stem cells (i.e., induced neural stem cells [iNSCs]). iNSCs offer an attractive alternative to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology with regard to regenerative therapies. Here, we show an in vivo long-term analysis of transplanted iNSCs in the adult mouse brain. iNSCs showed sound in vivo long-term survival rates without graft overgrowths. The cells displayed a neural multilineage potential with a clear bias toward astrocytes and a permanent downregulation of progenitor and cell-cycle markers, indicating that iNSCs are not predisposed to tumor formation. Furthermore, the formation of synaptic connections as well as neuronal and glial electrophysiological properties demonstrated that differentiated iNSCs migrated, functionally integrated, and interacted with the existing neuronal circuitry. We conclude that iNSC long-term transplantation is a safe procedure; moreover, it might represent an interesting tool for future personalized regenerative applications.